Diseases and symptoms Expansion

Diseases and

Symptoms Expansion

Bright Zoom Doctor,

Calculi: types

ACU:

• Ammonium magnesium phosphate
• Calcium
• Cystine
• Uric acid

Dialysis : 

indications

HAVE PEE:

• Hyperkalemia (refractory)
• Acidosis (refractory)
• Volume overload
• Elevated BUN (> 36 mM)
• Pericarditis
• Encephalopathy
• Edema (pulmonary)

Dialysis: indications

AEIOU:

• Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis)
• Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia)
• Intoxications
• Overload, fluid
• Uremic symptoms

Enlarged kidneys: causes

SHAPE:

• Sclerderma
• HIV nephropathy
• Amyloidosis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Endocrinophathy (diabetes)

Epididmyitis: bacterial causes

CENT:

• Chlamydia trachomatis
• E. coli
• Nisseria gonorrhoeae
• Tuberculos bacteria

Glomerular disease with a reduced complement level

PELICAN:

• Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
• Endocarditis (sub-acute)
• Lupus erythematosus
• Idiopatic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
• Cryoglobulinemia
• Abscess (visceral)
• Nephritis

Goodpasture's Syndrome: components

• GoodPasture is Glomerulonephritis and Pnuemonitits.
• From autoantibodies attacking Glomerular and Pulmonary basement membranes

Hematuria: differential

"SHIT":

• Stones/ Systemic disease (SLE)/ Structural lesions (UPJ obstruction)
• Hematologic disease (sickle cell, coagulopathy)/ Hypercalciuria/ Hereditary (Alport nephritis)/ HSP/ HUS
• Infectious and Immunologic (PSGN)/ IgA nephropathy (Berger nephritis)/ Interstitial disease (interstitial nephritis)/ Idiopathic conditions (thin glomerular basement membrane disease or benign familial hematuria)
• Trauma/ Tumor/ TB/ Toxins

Hematuria: urethral causes

NUTS:

• Neoplasm
• Urethritis
• Tumour
• Stone

Hydronephrosis: differential

Unilateral is PACT:

• Pelvic-uteric obstruction (congenital or acquired)
• Aberrant renal vessels
• Calculi
• Tumours of renal pelvis

   *Bilateral is SUPER:

• Stenosis of the urethra
• Urethral valve
• Prostatic enlargement
• Extensive bladder tumour
• Retro-peritoneal fibrosis

Hypercalcemia: causes

GRIM FED:

• Granulomas (sarcoid, TB),
• Renal faliure
• Immobility (esp. long term)
• Malignancy
• Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia)
• Endocrine (see below for subtypes)
• Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium)

Metabolic waste products retention: clinical features

ABCDEFGHI:

• Apathy/ Anorexia/ Anemia
• Bleeding
• Confusion/ Coma
• Dizziness
• Emesis/ Edema of the lung
• Fits
• Gastrointestinal bleeding
• Hiccups
• Infection

Nephritic syndrome: glomerular diseases commonly presenting as nephritic syndrome

PARIS:

• Post-streptococcal
• Alport's
• RPGN
• IgA nephropathy
• SLE

Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome

DAVID:

• Diabetes mellitus
• Amyloidosis
• Vasculitis
• Infections
• Drugs

Nephrotic syndrome: hallmark findings

"Protein LEAC":

• Proteinuria
• Lipid up
• Edema
• Albumin down
• Cholesterol up

  *In nephrotic, the proteins leak out.

Polycystic kidney: genetic marker

• "P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet.
• Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on the 16th chromosome.

Prostatism: initial symptoms

"Prostatism is initially FUN":

• Frequency
• Urgency
• Nocturia

Pyelonephritis (acute): predisposing factors

SCARRIN' UP:

• Sex (females <40, males >40)
• Catheterization
• Age (infant, elderly)
• Renal lesions
• Reflux (vesciouteral)
• Immunodeficienct
• NIDDM, IDDM
• Urinary obstuction
• Pregnant

 Acute pyelonephritis heals by scarrin' up the area (pyelonephritic scar).

Renal Cell Cancer (RCC): genetic marker

• "RCC" equals three. Or, "C" is the third letter of the alphabet.
• RCC is associated with genetic abberations on the third chromosome (VHL gene)

Renal failure: causes

AVID GUT:

• Acute tubular necrosis
• Vascular obstruction
• Infection
• Diffuse intravascular coagulation
• Glomerular disease
• Urinary obstruction
• Tubulointerstitial nephritis

Renal failure: symptoms/signs

"My Big Nob Vibrates Gently In Her Purulent Pelvis":

• Malaise
• Breathlessness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• GI motility
• Headache
• Pruritis
• Pigmentation

Renal failure (chronic): consequences

ABCDEFG:

• Anemia
• Bone alterations
• Cardiopulmonary
• D vitamin loss
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Feverous infections
• GI disturbances

Renal failure (acute): management

Manage AEIOU:

• Anemia/ Acidosis
• Electrolyte and fluids
• Infections
• Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting
• Uremia

Renal tubular acidosis: type with common nephrocalcinosis

• The stONE (nephrocalcinosis) is common in type ONE.

SIADH: causes

SIADH:

• Surgery
• Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA
• Alveolar: Ca, pus
• Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics
• Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level

SIADH: major signs and symptoms

SIADH:

• Spasms
• Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx)
• Anorexia
• Disorientation (and other psychoses)
• Hyponatremia

SIADH: diagnostic sign

Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone:

• Increased
• Na (sodium)
• PP (urine)

 *SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium.

Testicular atrophy: differential

TESTES SHRINK:

• Trauma
• Exhaustional atrophy
• Sequelae
• Too little food
• Elderly
• Semen obstruction
• Sex hormone therapy
• Hypopituitarism
• Radiation
• Inflammatory orchitis
• Not descended
• Kleinfelter's

Urinary incontinence: causes of acute and reversible

DRIP:

• Delirium
• Restricted mobility/ Retention
• Inflammation / Infection/ Impaction [fecal]
• Pharmaceuticals / Polyuria

 *"Drip" is convenient since it is urinary incontinence, so urine only drips out.

Urinary incontinence: differential

DIAPERS:

• Delirium
• Infection
• Atrophic urethritis and vaginitis
• Pharmaceuticals/ Psychologic
• Excessive urine output
• Restricted mobility
• Stool impaction